- Firefly Petunia is Light Bio’s first consumer self-glowing ornament, using a fungal bioluminescence pathway and glowing continuously but dimly, best seen in total darkness.
- In September 2023, USDA APHIS concluded the modified petunia is unlikely to pose increased plant-pest risk and is not regulated under 7 CFR Part 340.
- A federal court vacated the 2020 SECURE biotech rule on December 2, 2024, and APHIS updated the CFR in June 2025 while affirming prior determinations remain valid.
- Lab research in 2024–2025 increased brightness by 10–100× in test plants using newer enzyme sets labeled FBP2/FBP3, suggesting brighter consumer lines are plausible.
- The glow is produced by a four-enzyme pathway from Neonothopanus nambi: HispS converts caffeic acid to hispidin, H3H makes 3-hydroxyhispidin, Luz oxidizes luciferin to emit green light at ~520–530 nm, and CPH recycles back to caffeic acid.
- Brightness today is a soft moonlit green rather than a room-light replacement, and photos online often use long exposure.
- Firefly Petunia is priced around $29 per plant at launch, with 2025 availability cycles in batches and shipments to the contiguous U.S. only, as listings expand to Texas nurseries and major retailers.
- The plant is sold vegetatively; no consumer seeds are offered, propagation or breeding is not permitted under sale terms, and the plant is patent-protected.
- TIME named the Firefly Petunia among its Best Inventions of 2024.
- Viewing tips include going to a dark room, letting eyes adapt 5–10 minutes, cupping hands around buds, and using smartphone Night Mode or a few-second exposure to capture the glow.
“Bioluminescent ornamental plants” are living houseplants engineered to make their own light—no UV lamp or spray needed. The first consumer model, Light Bio’s Firefly Petunia, uses a mushroom bioluminescence pathway that runs on a common plant metabolite (caffeic acid), so the glow is continuous but dim to human eyes (best seen in total darkness, after your eyes adjust). The USDA determined in 2023 that this petunia is unlikely to pose increased plant‑pest risk; despite a 2024 court decision that changed biotech oversight, that USDA determination remains valid. Sales expanded in 2024–2025 across the U.S. only. Meanwhile, lab research in 2024–2025 pushed brightness up by 10–100× in test plants, hinting at more varieties ahead. [1], [2], [3]
What exactly are “bioluminescent ornamentals”?
They’re plants that biologically produce light via enzymes and a light‑emitting molecule (luciferin). Unlike fluorescent plants that only glow under UV/blacklight, true bioluminescent plants glow on their own through a chemical reaction catalyzed by luciferase enzymes. No naturally bioluminescent higher plants are known; the ones you can buy are genetically engineered. [4], [5]
How the glow works (the caffeic‑acid / fungal pathway)
The most successful approach borrows the four‑enzyme pathway from the bioluminescent mushroom Neonothopanus nambi:
- HispS converts caffeic acid (already abundant in plants) into hispidin.
- H3H hydroxylates hispidin into 3‑hydroxyhispidin (luciferin).
- Luz (luciferase) oxidizes luciferin, emitting green light (~520–530 nm) and producing caffeyl‑pyruvate.
- CPH recycles caffeyl‑pyruvate back to caffeic acid to close the cycle. [6].
“We’re using a natural system taken from a fungus… and transferring it to plants,” explains synthetic biologist Karen Sarkisyan. [7]
How bright is the glow, really?
- Expect subtle: most buyers see a soft, moonlit green—not a room‑light replacement. Photos online often use long exposures. (Public radio coverage labels images as long‑exposure shots.) [8]
- Best viewing: go completely dark, let your eyes adapt, and look at new flower buds first (they’re usually brightest). [9]
- In the lab: newer enzyme sets (FBP2/FBP3) increased brightness 10–100× across hosts; other groups have reported very high photon outputs in engineered test plants—proof that brighter consumer plants are plausible, though not here yet. [10], [11]
“The plants are putting out a constant amount of light,” notes Keith Wood, Light Bio’s CEO. [12]
What’s for sale today (and where)
- Firefly Petunia (Light Bio) — the first commercial, self‑glowing plant, priced around $29 per plant at launch; 2025 availability cycles in batches. Online orders ship within the U.S. only (contiguous 48 states), with broader retail presence emerging (e.g., Texas nurseries; listings at major retailers). [13], [14], [15], [16], [17]
- The company’s site and retailers emphasize routine petunia care; no UV lamp or additives are required. [18]
“They invite people to experience biotechnology from a position of wonder,” says Drew Endy of Stanford. [19]
The news you should know (2024–Aug 2025)
- USDA green‑light (Sept. 6, 2023): APHIS concluded the modified petunia is unlikely to pose increased plant‑pest risk and is not subject to regulation under 7 CFR Part 340. [20]
- Consumer rollout (2024–2025): Pre‑orders opened; shipments and nursery placements expanded (e.g., Texas chains; seasonal restocks in 2025). Coverage spanned Wired, TIME’s Best Inventions 2024, and local outlets. [21][22], [23]
- Regulatory shake‑up (Dec. 2, 2024 → 2025): A federal court vacated USDA’s 2020 SECURE biotech rule; APHIS confirmed that all determinations issued before Dec 2, 2024 (including Light Bio’s) remain valid, and updated the CFR in June 2025 to reflect the vacatur. [24], [25]
Safety, ecology & ethics—what experts say
- Plant‑pest risk: USDA’s review found no increased plant‑pest risk vs. conventional petunia; from that perspective it “may be safely grown and bred in the United States.” [26]
- Ecological effects: Some researchers urge caution about behavioral impacts on insects/animals if glowing plants were to become widespread. “Glowing plants could affect the behavior of insects and animals,” says policy scholar Jennifer Kuzma. [27]
- Light levels in context: Light Bio’s submission notes that typical urban nighttime lighting far exceeds the plants’ emission—so ecological exposure outdoors is often dominated by street and porch lights. [28]
- Not for eating: Like other petunias, these are ornamental only. (Retailers and the company caution against consumption.) [29]
The underlying science (for the curious)
- Breakthrough papers
- 2018 (PNAS): decoded the N. nambi fungal bioluminescence genes, making autonomous luminescence genetically encodable. [30]
- 2020 (Nature): first self‑glowing tobacco plants, showing whole‑plant imaging without adding luciferin and linking glow to metabolism and hormones (e.g., ethylene). [31]
- 2024 (Nature Methods): optimized enzyme variants (FBP2/FBP3) boosted brightness 1–2 orders of magnitude, enabling video‑rate imaging. [32]
- Color & chemistry: Fungal systems emit in green (~520–530 nm). Because the pathway recycles its substrate, plants glow continuously wherever the pathway runs, especially in fast‑growing tissues. [33]
Practical care & how to actually see the glow
- Grow like a petunia: Full sun, regular feeding, consistent moisture; more vigor → more metabolic flux → brighter glow. [34]
- Viewing tips:
- Go to a dark room or outdoors on a moonless night; let eyes adapt 5–10 min.
- Cup your hands around buds; the latest buds are often brightest.
- Smartphone: try Night Mode or a few‑second exposure to capture what your eyes perceive slowly. [35]
IP & “can I propagate it?”
Light Bio and partners state the Firefly Petunia is patent‑protected; propagation/breeding are not permitted under the sale terms (they’re sold for personal use). That’s why you see plants—not seeds—on offer. [36]
How we got here (brief history)
- 1986: scientists first expressed firefly luciferase in plant cells—a landmark for plant gene expression (but not self‑sustained glow). [37]
- 2010: early attempts at autonomous glow using bacterial lux struggled with brightness in plants. [38]
- 2013–2017: a Kickstarter for glowing plants raised $484k but ultimately failed, prompting platform policy changes and sparking a public debate. [39]
- 2018–2024: the fungal pathway was decoded and optimized, culminating in consumer‑ready ornamentals. [40], [41]
Will bioluminescent plants ever replace lightbulbs?
Not soon. Today’s consumer glow is aesthetic and educational, not task lighting. However, research keeps improving brightness and efficiency; teams have demonstrated order‑of‑magnitude gains and intriguing metabolic tweaks. Expect new species and brighter lines rather than lamp‑level output in the near term. [42], [43]
Current market snapshot (Aug 2025)
- Availability: U.S. only; online batches and selective nurseries (e.g., Calloway’s/Cornelius in TX); listings began appearing at national retailers. [44], [45]
- Recognition: Named to TIME’s Best Inventions of 2024. [46]
- Price point: Launch pricing around $29 per plant (varies by retailer/pack size). [47]
Policy & regulation (what changed in 2025, and what didn’t)
- USDA review: Light Bio’s petunia received a Regulatory Status Review (RSR) in 2023, concluding it isn’t regulated as a plant pest and may be safely grown and bred in the U.S. [48]
- Court vacatur: On Dec 2, 2024, a federal court vacated the 2020 SECURE rule. In March–June 2025, APHIS clarified that prior RSR decisions remain valid and updated the CFR accordingly. Practically, Firefly Petunia’s status did not change. [49], [50]
Expert voices (short quotes)
- Karen Sarkisyan (Imperial College London): “There’s… intrinsic excitement about things that glow in the dark.” [51]
- Keith Wood (Light Bio): “The plants are putting out a constant amount of light.” [52]
- Jennifer Kuzma (NC State): “Glowing plants could affect the behavior of insects and animals.” [53]
- Drew Endy (Stanford): “They invite people to experience biotechnology from a position of wonder.” [54]
Quick FAQ
Do I need a blacklight? No—these are autoluminescent; UV isn’t needed. [55]
Can I get seeds? No consumer seeds are offered; plants are sold vegetatively and propagation isn’t permitted under sale terms. [56]
Are they safe for pets/kids? Handle like any ornamental petunia—don’t ingest. [57]
Can they escape into the wild? USDA’s analysis found no elevated plant‑pest risk relative to normal petunias (which rarely persist outside cultivation), but scientists still urge monitoring as usage grows. [58][59]
Where the science is headed
- Brighter, more colors? Enzyme engineering and metabolic routing are already delivering brighter plants; color‑shifting or multicolor systems are an obvious next frontier. [60]
- Living sensors: Because brightness reflects metabolism, researchers use the glow to visualize development, stress, and hormone signals in real time. [61]
- New species & traits: Teams and companies are testing the pathway across diverse plants; broader ornamental portfolios seem likely. [62]
Citations & further reading (selection)
- USDA APHIS RSR for Light Bio petunia (Sept 6 2023) & status post‑vacatur (2025 updates). [63], [64]
- Wired feature & expert views (Sarkisyan, Endy, Kuzma; 2023). [65]
- Nature (2020) first autoluminescent plants; Nature Methods (2024) brightness‑boosted pathways. [66], [67]
- Scientific American explainer (2024). [68]
References
1. www.aphis.usda.gov, 2. www.federalregister.gov, 3. www.nature.com, 4. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, 5. chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com, 6. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, 7. www.wired.com, 8. www.capradio.org, 9. www.wesa.fm, 10. www.nature.com, 11. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, 12. www.wesa.fm, 13. www.prnewswire.com, 14. ag.ginkgo.bio, 15. www.azolifesciences.com, 16. www.homedepot.com, 17. finance.yahoo.com, 18. costafarms.com, 19. www.wired.com, 20. www.aphis.usda.gov, 21. www.wired.com, 22. time.com, 23. www.houstonchronicle.com, 24. www.aphis.usda.gov, 25. www.federalregister.gov, 26. www.aphis.usda.gov, 27. www.wired.com, 28. www.wired.com, 29. plantaddicts.com, 30. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, 31. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, 32. www.nature.com, 33. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, 34. costafarms.com, 35. www.capradio.org, 36. light.bio, 37. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, 38. journals.plos.org, 39. www.theatlantic.com, 40. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, 41. www.nature.com, 42. www.nature.com, 43. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, 44. finance.yahoo.com, 45. www.homedepot.com, 46. time.com, 47. www.prnewswire.com, 48. www.aphis.usda.gov, 49. www.aphis.usda.gov, 50. www.federalregister.gov, 51. www.wired.com, 52. www.wesa.fm, 53. www.wired.com, 54. www.wired.com, 55. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, 56. light.bio, 57. plantaddicts.com, 58. www.aphis.usda.gov, 59. www.wired.com, 60. www.nature.com, 61. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, 62. www.nature.com, 63. www.aphis.usda.gov, 64. www.federalregister.gov, 65. www.wired.com, 66. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, 67. www.nature.com, 68. www.scientificamerican.com
