CATL’s second-generation sodium-ion cell, with 175 Wh/kg energy density, enters mass production in December 2025. China launched a 50 MW/100 MWh sodium-ion storage site in Hubei in July 2024. JAC began series production of sodium-ion EVs in early 2024. Sodium-ion batteries use cheaper, more abundant materials than lithium-ion but have lower energy density and require scaled manufacturing.